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GNDU QUESTION PAPERS 2021
BA/BSc 4
th
SEMESTER
HOME SCIENCE
(Clothing Texles Part - II)
Time Allowed: 2 Hours Maximum Marks: 50
Note: Aempt Five quesons in all, selecng at least One queson from each secon. The
Fih queson may be aempted from any secon. All quesons carry equal marks.
I. Explain principles of design.
II Dene yolour, texture. How can colour and texture be used in designing? Explain with
examples.
III. What points should be kept in mind while taking care of woolen garments? How these
garments be stored ?
IV. What should be kept in mind while selecng clothes for:
(i) Adolescents
(ii) Elderly?
V. Write short notes on:
(i) Oxidizing bleach
(ii) Sanforising.
VI. What is the purpose of the following nishes?
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(i) Mercerizaon
(ii) Calendaring
(iii) Flameproong
(iv) Crease resistance
VII. Explain the following:
(i) Novelty yarns
(ii) Felng
(iii) Bonding
(iv) Broken twill weave.
VIII. Dene stain. What are dierent types of stains? How can stain of coee
and ink be removed?
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GNDU ANSWER PAPERS 2021
BA/BSc 4
th
SEMESTER
HOME SCIENCE
(Clothing Texles Part - II)
Time Allowed: 2 Hours Maximum Marks: 50
Note: Aempt Five quesons in all, selecng at least One queson from each secon. The
Fih queson may be aempted from any secon. All quesons carry equal marks.
I. Explain principles of design.
Ans: When you hear the word “design,” what comes to your mind? Maybe a beautiful
painting, a stylish logo, a well-decorated room, or even a neatly made PowerPoint slide. No
matter what type of design we talk about—art, fashion, architecture, web design, or even
classroom charts—there are some basic rules that make a design look attractive,
meaningful, and effective. These rules are known as the Principles of Design.
Think of them like grammar in language. Just as grammar helps us form meaningful
sentences, the principles of design help us organize visual elements—like shapes, colors,
lines, textures, and space—so that the viewer understands and enjoys what they see.
Let’s understand these principles in a simple, friendly, and student-friendly way.
1. Balance – Keeping Everything Stable
Imagine you are sitting on a see-saw. If one side is heavier, it goes down; if both sides are
equal, it stays balanced. The same happens in design. Balance means distributing visual
weight in a way that the design doesn’t feel “tilted” or uncomfortable to look at.
There are three main types:
• Symmetrical Balance – both sides look alike, like a mirror image. Example: the front
view of the Taj Mahal.
• Asymmetrical Balance – both sides are different but still feel balanced. For example,
a large object on one side may be balanced by two smaller objects on the other.
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• Radial Balance – elements spread out from a center point, like the petals of a flower
or wheels of a bicycle.
Balance makes a design look organized and pleasing.
2. Unity – Making Everything Belong Together
Unity means togetherness. When all elements of a design look like they belong to the same
family, unity is achieved. Imagine wearing a wedding sherwani with sports shoes—it won’t
match! Similarly, if colors, shapes, and styles don’t go together, the design looks confusing.
Unity can be achieved through:
• Similar colors
• Repetition of patterns
• Common style
• Proper spacing
Unity gives completeness. It makes a design look “whole” rather than scattered.
3. Contrast – Making Things Stand Out
Contrast is what makes a design interesting. It simply means difference. When two opposite
elements are placed together, they attract attention. Think of:
• Black and white
• Large and small
• Thick and thin
• Bright and dull
Without contrast, everything would look flat and boring. Contrast highlights the most
important parts, guiding the viewer’s eyes to where the designer wants them to look.
4. Emphasis – Highlighting the Main Idea
Every design has something important to show. Emphasis means making that important
thing stand out clearly. Just like when a teacher speaks loudly to stress an important point, a
designer uses emphasis to make the key element catch attention first.
Emphasis can be created through:
• Bright colors
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• Bigger size
• Different shapes
• Placement (center or foreground)
If emphasis is missing, the viewer won’t know what to focus on.
5. Rhythm – Creating Flow and Movement
Think about music. Rhythm in music is a repeated beat that makes you feel movement.
Similarly, rhythm in design creates a visual movement. It guides the viewer’s eyes smoothly
from one part to another.
Rhythm is achieved through repetition of:
• Colors
• Shapes
• Lines
• Patterns
For example, a row of trees planted at equal distances creates visual rhythm. It makes the
design lively rather than static.
6. Proportion – Correct Size Relationship
Proportion refers to the relationship of size between different parts of a design. If a
cartoon character has a tiny head and a huge body, it may look funny because the
proportions are unusual.
Good proportion ensures:
• Harmony
• Realism
• Aesthetic appeal
In architecture, art, fashion design, and even everyday objects, correct proportion is
essential for beauty and practicality.
7. Harmony – Pleasant Combination
Harmony is closely related to unity, but it focuses more on pleasing combinations. When
colors, textures, shapes, and lines blend smoothly and don’t clash, harmony is achieved.
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For example:
• Soft pastel colors together look harmonious
• A combination of smooth and rough textures may feel unpleasant, so designers
carefully mix them
Harmony keeps the design calm and visually satisfying.
8. Movement – Guiding the Viewer’s Eyes
Movement in design does not mean actual physical movement. It means leading the
viewer’s eyes in a particular direction. A good design naturally tells the eye where to go first,
next, and last.
Movement can be created using:
• Directional lines
• Arrows
• Curves
• Arrangement of elements
For example, road signs use arrows to show direction. Advertisements use movement to
guide attention from the brand name to the product.
9. Variety – Avoiding Boredom
If everything is the same in a design, it becomes dull. Variety adds interest and excitement.
It brings different shapes, colors, textures, and ideas together.
However, too much variety can create chaos. So designers carefully balance variety with
unity. Think of a garden: if it has only one flower, it’s boring; if it has thousands of random
plants, it’s messy. But if it has different flowers arranged beautifully, it’s perfect. That is
variety with control.
Why Are These Principles Important?
These principles are not just for professional designers. They help in:
• Making school projects neat and impressive
• Creating attractive presentations
• Designing posters, charts, and assignments
• Fashion design, interior design, web design, and art
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• Even decorating your room!
They teach us to plan, think creatively, and present ideas beautifully.
Conclusion
Principles of design are the backbone of any good creation. They help us organize elements
in a meaningful way so that the final outcome looks attractive, balanced, and effective.
Balance gives stability, unity brings togetherness, contrast and emphasis attract attention,
rhythm and movement create flow, proportion keeps everything in the right size, harmony
makes it pleasant, and variety keeps it interesting.
II Dene yolour, texture. How can colour and texture be used in designing? Explain with
examples.
Ans: Colour and Texture in Design: Meaning, Use, and Examples
Imagine walking into a room painted in soft pastel blue, with smooth silk curtains and a
fluffy carpet under your feet. Instantly, you feel calm and relaxed. Now picture another
room painted in fiery red, with rough brick walls and metallic furniture. Suddenly, the mood
changes—you feel energized, maybe even a little tense.
This simple experience shows how colour and texture—two fundamental elements of
design—shape our emotions, perceptions, and interactions with spaces and objects. Let’s
explore what they mean and how designers use them creatively.
Definition of Colour
Colour is the visual perception created when light reflects off an object and reaches our
eyes. It is one of the most powerful tools in design because it directly influences mood,
psychology, and communication.
• Colours are divided into primary (red, blue, yellow), secondary (green, orange,
purple), and tertiary shades.
• They can be classified as warm colours (red, orange, yellow) that evoke energy and
passion, or cool colours (blue, green, purple) that evoke calmness and relaxation.
• Colour also carries symbolic meaning: red for love or danger, white for purity, green
for nature, black for elegance.
In simple words: Colour is not just decoration—it is emotion, symbolism, and
communication rolled into one.
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Definition of Texture
Texture refers to the surface quality of an object—how it feels or looks. It can be tactile
(actual physical feel) or visual (appearance of texture in images or patterns).
• Smooth textures (glass, silk) feel sleek and modern.
• Rough textures (wood, stone) feel natural and rustic.
• Soft textures (cotton, wool) create comfort.
• Hard textures (metal, ceramic) suggest strength and durability.
In simple words: Texture is the “touch” of design—it makes objects feel alive and
relatable.
How Colour and Texture Are Used in Designing
Designers—whether in fashion, interior design, graphic design, or product design—use
colour and texture strategically to create impact. Let’s break down their uses with examples.
1. Creating Mood and Atmosphere
• Colour: A spa uses soft greens and blues to create a calming atmosphere. A fast-food
restaurant uses bright reds and yellows to stimulate appetite and energy.
• Texture: A cozy café uses rough brick walls and wooden furniture to create warmth,
while a modern office uses smooth glass and steel for a sleek, professional vibe.
Example: Starbucks outlets often combine earthy colours with wooden textures to make
customers feel relaxed and welcome.
2. Highlighting Functionality
• Colour: Traffic signals use red, yellow, and green because these colours are
universally understood and easily visible.
• Texture: Gym equipment often uses hard, durable textures like metal and rubber to
signal strength and endurance.
Example: Hospitals use white and light blue colours to symbolize cleanliness and calm,
while smooth surfaces make cleaning easier.
3. Creating Visual Interest
• Colour: Designers use contrasting colours (like black and white, or red and green) to
grab attention.
• Texture: Combining smooth and rough textures in the same space creates depth and
variety.
Example: In fashion, a designer may pair a shiny silk blouse with a rough denim jacket to
create contrast and style.
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4. Symbolism and Cultural Meaning
• Colour: In India, saffron represents spirituality, while in the West, black often
symbolizes mourning. Designers use these meanings to connect with audiences.
• Texture: Traditional crafts use natural textures like clay, jute, or handwoven fabric to
symbolize heritage and authenticity.
Example: Wedding decorations in Punjab often use bright red and gold colours with rich
silk textures to symbolize prosperity and celebration.
5. Guiding User Experience
• Colour: Websites use colour coding—blue for links, red for warnings, green for
success messages.
• Texture: Buttons on devices often have textured surfaces so users can feel them
without looking.
Example: Apple uses sleek metallic textures and minimalist colours in its products to
signal innovation and premium quality.
6. Balancing Aesthetics and Practicality
• Colour: Dark colours may hide stains better in clothing or upholstery.
• Texture: Rough textures may provide grip in flooring, while smooth textures are
easier to clean.
Example: Kitchen countertops often use granite (hard texture, dark colour) because it is
both beautiful and practical.
A Relatable Story
Think of Riya, a young interior designer. She is tasked with designing a children’s library.
• She chooses bright colours like yellow and green to make the space cheerful and
inviting.
• She adds soft textures like beanbags and carpets to make children feel comfortable.
• She avoids sharp, hard textures to ensure safety.
The result? A space where children not only read but also feel happy and secure. Riya’s
design shows how colour and texture work together to create meaningful experiences.
Key Principles for Using Colour and Texture in Design
1. Harmony: Colours and textures should complement each other.
2. Contrast: Use differences to create interest and focus.
3. Consistency: Maintain a theme across design elements.
4. Functionality: Choose colours and textures that suit the purpose.
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5. Emotion: Always consider the psychological impact on users.
Final Thoughts
Colour and texture are not just artistic choices—they are powerful tools that shape how we
feel, behave, and interact with the world.
• Colour communicates mood, meaning, and energy.
• Texture adds depth, realism, and tactile connection.
• Together, they create designs that are not only beautiful but also functional and
emotionally resonant.
So, whether it’s a fashion outfit, a website, or a living room, remember: the colours you see
and the textures you touch are silently guiding your emotions and experiences. Designers
who master these elements can transform ordinary spaces and objects into extraordinary
experiences.
III. What points should be kept in mind while taking care of woolen garments? How these
garments be stored ?
Ans: Why wool needs special care?
Wool fibers are soft and elastic. They can stretch and return to their shape, which is why
woolen sweaters are comfortable and flexible. But if washed roughly, kept in moisture, or
handled carelessly, these fibers weaken, shrink, or get damaged. Wool is also easily attacked
by insects like moths, especially if clothes are stored without proper cleaning. So, special
care helps woolen garments last longer, stay beautiful, and protect us throughout many
winters.
Important points to remember while taking care of woolen garments
Wash woolens gently – Avoid rough handling
Woolen clothes should never be washed like normal cotton clothes. Rubbing, twisting, or
scrubbing can damage the fibers. It is always better to wash them gently by hand.
• Use mild detergent or wool-specific liquid.
• Prefer lukewarm or cold water, never hot water.
• Do not rub; instead, soak and gently squeeze.
• If possible, dry clean expensive woolens like coats and shawls.
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Hot water and harsh detergents can shrink wool. You may have heard stories of sweaters
becoming half their original size—this happens because the fibers contract in heat.
Avoid frequent washing
Unlike cotton, wool does not need frequent washing. Wool has natural oil called lanolin,
which keeps it fresh and odor-free for longer. Washing it too often removes this natural oil
and reduces softness and warmth.
Instead:
• Air dry the garment in shade after wearing.
• Brush lightly to remove surface dust.
• Wash only when actually dirty.
Never wring or twist woolens
After washing, people often try to squeeze out extra water by twisting the cloth. This is very
harmful for wool.
Instead:
• Gently press the water out using palms.
• Place the garment on a towel, roll it, and press to absorb water.
This keeps the shape perfect.
Dry woolens in shade – Never under direct sunlight
Sunlight is harmful to woolens. It makes fabric rough, faded, weak, and brittle.
• Always dry woolens flat on a clean surface.
• Do not hang them like shirts, otherwise they stretch and lose shape.
• Keep them away from heaters and blowers.
Wool dries slowly, so have patience!
Iron carefully at low temperature
Woolens rarely need ironing, but if required:
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• Use low heat setting (wool mode).
• Prefer steam ironing.
• Place a cotton cloth over the woolen garment while ironing to avoid shine marks.
Direct contact with hot iron can burn or flatten wool fibers.
Handle with care while wearing
Care does not mean only washing and storing; it also includes how we use clothes.
• Avoid wearing sharp jewelry that may pull threads.
• Be careful of Velcro and rough surfaces.
• Do not pin sweaters with safety pins—they leave holes.
• Avoid excessive stretching of sleeves and necks.
Small habits help garments live longer.
How should woolen garments be stored?
Storage is the most important part of wool care. Wool can get damaged if left in damp,
dirty, or open places. Proper storage keeps clothes safe, fresh, and ready for the next winter
season.
Clean before storing
Never store dirty or sweaty woolens. Dirt attracts insects like moths.
• Wash properly before storing.
• Make sure clothes are completely dry; even slight moisture can cause fungus and
bad smell.
Fold – Don’t Hang
Woolen garments should always be folded and stored flat. Hanging may stretch and spoil
their shape.
• Fold neatly.
• Avoid sharp creases.
• Keep heavier woolens at bottom and lighter ones on top.
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Use breathable storage bags or cotton sheets
Wool needs air to stay fresh. Instead of plastic covers, use:
• Cotton cloth bags
• Muslin cloth wrapping
• Special breathable storage bags
Plastic traps moisture which leads to fungus and odor.
Protect from insects – Use moth repellents
Moths love wool because of its protein content. To keep insects away, use natural or
chemical repellents like:
• Naphthalene balls
• Camphor
• Neem leaves
• Lavender sachets
• Cedar wood blocks
But remember:
Do not place them directly on the clothes. Wrap them in paper or cloth and then place in
wardrobe.
Store in a cool, dry place
Avoid damp areas like basements or cupboards near bathrooms. Wool loves dry, clean
environments.
• Keep in closed cupboards.
• Make sure air circulation is proper.
• Check occasionally to ensure no moisture or insects.
Sun and air occasionally
If storing for months, take out woolens occasionally and air them in shade. This refreshes
fibers and prevents insect growth.
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Final Thoughts
Woolen garments are not just clothes; they are like warm hugs we wear in winter. They
protect us from cold winds, keep our body comfortable, and make winters enjoyable. But in
return, they ask for just a little care and attention. If we wash them gently, dry them
properly, avoid rough handling, and store them carefully with protection from insects and
moisture, our woolen clothes can stay new, soft, and beautiful for many years.
Good care of wool not only saves money but also teaches us responsibility. When we
respect our belongings, we develop a habit of care and discipline in life. So, next time you
wear your favorite sweater or shawl, remember—take care of it today, and it will take care
of you every winter.
IV. What should be kept in mind while selecng clothes for:
(i) Adolescents
(ii) Elderly?
Ans: Clothing Choices for Adolescents and Elderly: What to Keep in Mind
Clothing is more than just fabric—it is a reflection of personality, comfort, culture, and age.
The clothes we choose often depend on our stage of life. Adolescents, full of energy and
self-expression, have different needs compared to elderly people, who prioritize comfort,
dignity, and practicality. Understanding these differences helps us select clothes that suit
both groups appropriately.
(i) Clothing for Adolescents
Adolescence is a transitional stage between childhood and adulthood. Teenagers are
discovering their identity, experimenting with styles, and becoming more conscious of their
appearance. Clothes play a huge role in this journey.
Key Considerations for Adolescents
1. Comfort and Mobility
o Adolescents are active—running, playing, studying, socializing.
o Clothes should allow free movement and not restrict activity. Example:
Jeans with stretch fabric, cotton t-shirts, and sneakers are popular because
they balance style and comfort.
2. Fashion and Self-Expression
o Teenagers often use clothing to express individuality.
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o Bright colours, trendy designs, and unique accessories help them feel
confident. Example: A teenager may choose a hoodie with a bold graphic
print to reflect their personality.
3. Durability
o Adolescents are not always careful with clothes.
o Fabrics should be strong and easy to wash. Example: Denim is a favourite
because it withstands rough use.
4. Affordability
o Since adolescents outgrow clothes quickly, affordability matters.
o Parents often choose budget-friendly options without compromising quality.
5. Cultural and Social Appropriateness
o Clothes should respect cultural norms while allowing modern style.
Example: In Punjab, adolescents may wear jeans and t-shirts casually but
prefer traditional kurta-pajama or salwar-kameez during festivals.
6. Seasonal Suitability
o Clothes must match the climate.
o Cotton for summer, woollens for winter. Example: Light cotton kurtis in
hot weather and warm jackets in December.
7. Psychological Impact
o Adolescents are sensitive to peer opinions.
o Wearing clothes that make them feel accepted boosts confidence.
Example: A teenager may prefer branded shoes because friends wear them,
even if simpler shoes are available.
A Relatable Story
Think of Simran, a 15-year-old student. She loves playing basketball, so she chooses track
pants and sports shoes for practice. At school, she wears her uniform neatly, and at parties,
she experiments with trendy dresses. Her clothing choices reflect her active lifestyle, her
need for comfort, and her desire to express herself.
(ii) Clothing for the Elderly
Elderly people have very different needs. With age, the body changes—skin becomes
sensitive, movements slower, and health issues more common. Clothes for the elderly must
prioritize comfort, dignity, and practicality.
Key Considerations for the Elderly
1. Comfort and Ease of Wearing
o Clothes should be loose-fitting and non-restrictive.
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o Easy-to-wear designs like front-open shirts or elastic waistbands are
preferred. Example: Elderly men may prefer kurta-pajama with
drawstring waists, while women may choose cotton sarees or salwar suits
with elastic bands.
2. Soft and Breathable Fabrics
o Skin becomes delicate with age.
o Fabrics like cotton, linen, and wool are gentle and breathable. Example:
Cotton kurta in summer and woollen shawl in winter.
3. Simplicity and Dignity
o Elderly people often prefer simple, sober colours and designs.
o Clothes should reflect dignity and respect. Example: Light pastel shades,
plain patterns, and traditional styles.
4. Health Considerations
o Clothes should accommodate health needs.
o For arthritis patients, easy-to-button or Velcro fastenings help.
o Warm clothing is essential for those sensitive to cold.
5. Safety and Practicality
o Avoid slippery footwear or long garments that may cause falls.
o Clothes should be practical for daily activities. Example: Comfortable
slippers with grip and trousers of appropriate length.
6. Seasonal Suitability
o Elderly people feel temperature changes more strongly.
o Warm woollens in winter, light cotton in summer. Example: A woollen
cardigan in January evenings and cotton kurta in June.
7. Cultural Preferences
o Elderly people often prefer traditional attire. Example: In Punjab, elderly
men wear kurta-pajama with a turban, while women prefer salwar-kameez or
sarees.
A Relatable Story
Think of Harbhajan Singh, a 70-year-old retired teacher. He prefers simple cotton kurta-
pajama at home, with a woollen shawl in winter. His clothes are loose, easy to wash, and
dignified. At family functions, he wears traditional attire with a turban, reflecting cultural
pride. His clothing choices show comfort, respect, and tradition.
Comparison: Adolescents vs Elderly
Aspect
Adolescents
Elderly
Comfort
Active, flexible clothes
Loose, easy-to-wear clothes
Fashion
Trendy, expressive
Simple, dignified
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Fabric
Durable, stylish
Soft, breathable
Seasonal
Needs
Cotton in summer, wool in
winter
Extra warmth in winter, light cotton in
summer
Psychological
Peer acceptance, self-
expression
Respect, dignity, cultural pride
Final Thoughts
Clothing is not just about covering the body—it is about identity, comfort, and dignity.
• For adolescents, clothes should balance comfort, fashion, durability, and
affordability, while allowing self-expression.
• For the elderly, clothes should prioritize comfort, health, simplicity, and cultural
respect.
By keeping these factors in mind, we can ensure that clothing choices suit the needs of both
age groups, making adolescents feel confident and energetic, and elderly people feel
comfortable and dignified.
V. Write short notes on:
(i) Oxidizing bleach
(ii) Sanforising.
Ans: Introduction
In the textile and fabric finishing world, there are many important processes that make our
clothes look bright, comfortable, durable, and attractive. Two such important terms you
may often see in your syllabus are Oxidizing Bleach and Sanforising. Both processes play a
major role in preparing fabrics before they finally reach us as garments. Let’s understand
them in a very simple, story-like manner so that you never forget them.
(i) Oxidizing Bleach
Imagine you have a bright white shirt. It looks fresh, clean, and flawless. But do you know
that when cotton or other natural fibers are first obtained, they are not clean or bright at
all? They contain natural colouring matter, impurities, dust, oils, waxes, and stains.
Without removing these, fabrics would look dull, yellowish, and unattractive.
That’s where Oxidizing Bleach comes in.
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What is Oxidizing Bleach?
Oxidizing bleach is a chemical used to whiten and brighten fabrics by destroying unwanted
colour and impurities. The word “oxidizing” means that the bleach works through a
chemical reaction called oxidation, where oxygen breaks down coloured substances into
colourless ones.
Simple Way to Understand
Think of a stain as a stubborn villain sitting on fabric. Oxidizing bleach acts like a superhero.
It attacks the villain, breaks it down, and makes it disappear, leaving the fabric fresh and
clean.
Why is Oxidizing Bleach Needed?
Fabrics need bleaching because:
• Natural fibres like cotton are not pure white
• They may contain plant pigments
• Dirt and stains are present
• Fabrics must look hygienic, bright, and appealing
If bleaching were not done, clothes would never look pure white or colourful because
dyeing would become uneven.
Common Oxidizing Bleaching Agents
Some widely used oxidizing bleaches include:
• Hydrogen Peroxide (H₂O₂) – Most commonly used today
• Sodium Hypochlorite (Bleaching Powder / Liquid bleach)
• Sodium Chlorite
Among them, hydrogen peroxide is considered safest because it does not severely damage
fibres if used properly.
How Does It Work?
Oxidizing bleach releases oxygen, which reacts with coloured substances in the fabric. This
oxygen breaks the chemical bonds of stains and pigments. Once broken, they become
colourless, and the fabric appears white.
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Fabric Safety
Bleaching must be carefully controlled because:
• Too strong bleach may damage fabric strength
• Excessive bleaching may cause holes
• Wrong bleaching can weaken fibres
So industries use controlled temperature, proper concentration, and exact timing.
Advantages of Oxidizing Bleach
• Makes fabrics bright white
• Improves fabric appearance
• Removes natural impurities
• Makes dyeing easier and even
• Gives hygienic freshness
In Short
Oxidizing bleach is a cleaning and whitening process where oxygen-releasing chemicals
remove unwanted colour and dirt, making fabric fresh, bright, and ready for the next
processes.
(ii) Sanforising
Now think of another situation. You buy a new shirt or trouser. It fits perfectly. You are
happy. But after the first wash… it shrinks! Suddenly, the shirt looks tighter, shorter, and
uncomfortable. Why does this happen?
Clothes often shrink because cotton and some other fibres contract when washed. To
prevent this problem, the textile industry uses a special finishing process called Sanforising.
What is Sanforising?
Sanforising is a controlled shrinking process done before stitching garments. Its main aim is
to reduce fabric shrinkage later during washing, so clothes remain the same size.
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It is often called pre-shrinking.
Simple Understanding
Imagine stretching a rubber band and then leaving it loose. It naturally shrinks back.
Similarly, fabrics have tension from weaving. When washed, they relax and shrink.
Sanforising relaxes the fabric in advance, so it won’t shrink later.
How is Sanforising Done?
The process involves:
1. Moistening the fabric
2. Passing it through a rubber belt and heated cylinders
3. The fabric is compressed and relaxed
4. This releases internal stresses
5. Fabric becomes dimensionally stable
After sanforising, shrinkage is usually reduced to less than 1% to 3%, which is acceptable.
Where is Sanforising Used?
Mostly in:
• Cotton fabrics
• Denim (jeans)
• Shirts and trousers
• Bed sheets
• Household textiles
You may have noticed “Sanforized” written on jeans labels — it means the jeans won’t
shrink much.
Advantages of Sanforising
• Prevents unwanted shrinkage
• Maintains garment size and fit
• Gives consumer confidence
• Improves fabric handling
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• Adds value to the fabric
Why is Sanforising Important?
Without sanforising:
• Clothes shrink after washing
• Garments lose shape
• Customers get dissatisfied
• Clothing brands lose trust
So it plays a crucial role in garment manufacturing.
In Short
Sanforising is a pre-shrinking finishing process that ensures fabrics do not shrink
significantly after washing, helping garments keep their original size, fit, and comfort.
Final Summary
Oxidizing Bleach
• A process that uses oxygen-releasing chemicals
• Removes colour, stains, and impurities
• Makes fabric bright, white, and clean
• Prepares fabric for dyeing and finishing
Sanforising
• A pre-shrinking process
• Prevents fabric shrinkage after washing
• Improves fit and stability of garments
• Widely used in cotton and denim fabrics
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VI. What is the purpose of the following nishes?
(i) Mercerizaon
(ii) Calendaring
(iii) Flameproong
(iv) Crease resistance
Ans: Textile Finishes: Meaning and Purpose
When you buy a shirt, a saree, or even a bedsheet, you probably notice how smooth, shiny,
or durable it feels. These qualities don’t just come from the fabric itself—they are often the
result of finishes applied during textile processing. Finishes are special treatments given to
fabrics to improve their appearance, performance, or safety.
Let’s explore four important finishes—mercerization, calendaring, flameproofing, and
crease resistance—and understand their purpose in everyday life.
(i) Mercerization
Definition: Mercerization is a chemical treatment applied mainly to cotton fabrics using
caustic soda (sodium hydroxide).
Purpose:
1. Improves Lustre: Cotton, which is naturally dull, becomes shiny and silk-like after
mercerization.
2. Enhances Strength: The treatment makes cotton stronger and more durable.
3. Better Dye Absorption: Mercerized cotton absorbs dyes more effectively, resulting
in brighter and longer-lasting colours.
4. Smooth Texture: The fabric feels softer and smoother to the touch.
Example: High-quality cotton shirts or sarees often use mercerized cotton because the
colours look richer and the fabric feels luxurious.
Relatable Story: Think of a student buying a white cotton kurta for a festival. If it’s
mercerized, the kurta will not only shine brighter but also hold its colour better when dyed.
It will look elegant and last longer, making the purchase worthwhile.
(ii) Calendaring
Definition: Calendaring is a mechanical finishing process where fabric is passed through
heated rollers under pressure.
Purpose:
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1. Smooth Surface: Calendaring flattens the fabric, making it smooth and glossy.
2. Improves Appearance: It enhances the look of fabrics, giving them a polished finish.
3. Special Effects: Different roller designs can create patterns, embossing, or moiré
effects.
4. Temporary Finish: The effect may wash off, so calendaring is often used for fabrics
meant for immediate use.
Example: Satin-like finishes on polyester or cotton fabrics are often achieved through
calendaring. Bedsheets and tablecloths look more attractive after this process.
Relatable Story: Imagine attending a wedding where the tablecloths shimmer under the
lights. That shine is often the result of calendaring, which makes ordinary fabric look festive
and elegant.
(iii) Flameproofing
Definition: Flameproofing is a chemical treatment applied to fabrics to make them resistant
to fire.
Purpose:
1. Safety: Prevents fabrics from catching fire easily, reducing risk in homes, hospitals,
and public spaces.
2. Controlled Burning: If exposed to fire, flameproof fabrics burn slowly or self-
extinguish.
3. Essential for Special Use: Used in uniforms for firefighters, children’s clothing,
curtains, and upholstery.
Example: Curtains in theatres or hospitals are often flameproofed to prevent accidents.
Firefighters’ suits are specially treated to resist flames.
Relatable Story: Picture a school classroom with colourful curtains. If those curtains are
flameproofed, they won’t catch fire quickly in case of an accident, protecting children and
teachers. Flameproofing is not about fashion—it’s about saving lives.
(iv) Crease Resistance
Definition: Crease resistance is a finish applied to fabrics to prevent wrinkling and maintain
a neat appearance.
Purpose:
1. Easy Maintenance: Fabrics remain smooth without frequent ironing.
2. Improved Appearance: Clothes look fresh and tidy even after long wear.
3. Durability: The finish helps fabrics withstand folding and packing.
4. Convenience: Ideal for busy lifestyles where ironing daily is impractical.
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Example: School uniforms, office shirts, and travel clothes often use crease-resistant
fabrics. They save time and effort while keeping you looking polished.
Relatable Story: Think of a college student rushing to class. His crease-resistant shirt looks
neat even though he didn’t iron it that morning. This finish makes life easier and keeps
confidence high.
Why These Finishes Matter
Together, these finishes show how science and design combine to improve textiles:
• Mercerization adds beauty and strength.
• Calendaring enhances shine and patterns.
• Flameproofing ensures safety.
• Crease resistance adds convenience.
They make fabrics not only attractive but also practical and safe for everyday use.
Comparison Table
Finish
Method
Purpose
Everyday Example
Mercerization
Chemical (caustic
soda)
Lustre, strength, dye
absorption
Cotton shirts, sarees
Calendaring
Mechanical
(rollers)
Smoothness, shine,
patterns
Bedsheets,
tablecloths
Flameproofing
Chemical
treatment
Fire resistance, safety
Curtains, uniforms
Crease
Resistance
Chemical
treatment
Wrinkle-free, easy
maintenance
School uniforms,
office wear
Final Thoughts
Textile finishes are silent heroes in our daily lives. They transform ordinary fabrics into
extraordinary ones—making them shinier, safer, stronger, or easier to maintain.
• Adolescents enjoy mercerized, colourful clothes that express personality.
• Households benefit from calendared fabrics that look elegant.
• Hospitals and schools rely on flameproof fabrics for safety.
• Busy professionals appreciate crease-resistant clothes that save time.
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VII. Explain the following:
(i) Novelty yarns
(ii) Felng
(iii) Bonding
(iv) Broken twill weave.
Ans: (i) Novelty Yarns
Imagine you are looking at two fabrics. One looks plain and simple, while the other looks
stylish, textured, and eye-catching. What makes the second fabric interesting is often
Novelty Yarn.
Novelty yarns are special, decorative, or fancy yarns that are designed to give a unique
look, texture, or effect to the fabric. Unlike ordinary yarns, which are smooth and uniform,
novelty yarns may have loops, knots, uneven thickness, curls, or special fibers added to
them. The main purpose of novelty yarn is not strength, but beauty and creativity.
You will usually find novelty yarns in:
• Fashion garments
• Sarees and designer suits
• Upholstery and curtains
• Carpets and rugs
• Decorative fabrics
Features of Novelty Yarns
1. Irregular thickness – sometimes thick, sometimes thin.
2. Attractive appearance – visually noticeable.
3. Texture – may feel soft, rough, fluffy, or curly.
4. Decorative purpose – mainly used to enhance beauty.
Common Types of Novelty Yarns
• Slub Yarn – has thick and thin portions.
• Bouclé Yarn – has loops on the surface.
• Chenille Yarn – looks like a soft caterpillar, velvety feel.
• Knot Yarn – has small knots at intervals.
In simple words, novelty yarns are like the “fashion designers” of the textile world. They
bring style, glamour, and uniqueness to fabrics, making them more appealing and
impressive.
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(ii) Felting
Now think about woolen sweaters, woolen caps, or felt toys. Have you ever noticed how
wool fibers seem to stick together firmly? This natural ability of wool fibers to get tangled
and stick permanently is called Felting.
Felting is a process in which wool fibers interlock tightly to form a dense, compact fabric. It
usually happens due to moisture, heat, pressure, and friction.
Why Does Felting Happen?
Wool fibers have tiny scales on their surface, just like fish scales. When wool is rubbed or
washed with warm water, these scales open up and get entangled with each other, forming
a tight bond. Once they get locked, they cannot come back to their original position. That is
why wool clothes often shrink when washed carelessly.
Conditions Needed for Felting
1. Moisture (usually warm water)
2. Soap or detergent
3. Pressure
4. Friction
These together make wool fibers shrink and mat together.
Examples Where Felting Is Used
• Making hats
• Making carpets and rugs
• Felt footwear
• Soft toys
• Industrial felts
Advantages of Felting
• Produces warm, dense fabric
• Good for insulation
• Very durable
Disadvantage
• Wool garments may shrink unintentionally.
So, felting can be both useful and problematic. Useful in industry but troublesome when
your favorite wool sweater becomes two sizes smaller after washing!
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(iii) Bonding
Bonding is a completely different concept. When you hear “bonding,” think of joining. In
textiles, bonding means joining fibers or fabrics together without weaving or knitting.
Instead of interlacing yarns like traditional fabrics, bonding uses adhesives, heat, pressure,
or chemicals to hold them together.
Such fabrics are called non-woven fabrics.
How Bonding Works
Fibers are laid in a sheet form. Then:
• Heat may melt them slightly to stick together
• Adhesive may be applied
• Pressure may be added
• Chemicals may help in bonding
As a result, a fabric is formed even though it is neither woven nor knitted.
Common Bonding Methods
1. Adhesive Bonding
Glue or resin is used to stick fibers together.
2. Thermal Bonding
Heat melts some fibers so they fuse and form a sheet.
3. Chemical Bonding
Certain chemicals help fibers interlock permanently.
Where Bonded Fabrics Are Used?
You may not realize, but bonded fabrics are everywhere in daily life:
• Disposable masks
• Surgical gowns
• Baby diapers
• Sanitary napkins
• Tea bags
• Tablecloths
• Interlinings in clothes
Bonding is preferred because it is:
• Quick
• Economical
• Hygienic
• Suitable for disposable products
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However, bonded fabrics are usually not as strong as woven fabrics and may not last very
long.
(iv) Broken Twill Weave
To understand Broken Twill Weave, first recall what a twill weave is. A twill weave is a fabric
pattern where diagonal lines appear on the fabric surface (like in jeans).
Now imagine breaking that diagonal line pattern so that it does not run continuously. That
design is called Broken Twill Weave.
In simple words:
A broken twill weave is formed when the usual diagonal twill pattern is interrupted or
reversed, so instead of a straight slanting line, we see zig-zag or chevron-like patterns.
How It Happens
In normal twill, the pattern goes continuously in one direction, like:
/////
/////
In broken twill, the direction changes:
/////
\\\\\
/////
\\\\\
This break creates interesting designs.
Common Types
• Herringbone Pattern – looks like fish bones.
• Chevron Pattern – looks like V-shaped lines.
Where It Is Used
• Suits and coats
• Jackets
• Trousers
• Upholstery fabric
Advantages
• Strong and durable
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• Attractive appearance
• Less distortion than regular twill
Thus, broken twill weave is basically a stylish, modified form of twill that adds strength and
beauty to fabrics.
Conclusion
All four concepts—Novelty Yarn, Felting, Bonding, and Broken Twill Weave—play very
important roles in the textile world. Novelty yarns bring beauty and creativity, felting shows
how fibers can naturally interlock and shrink, bonding introduces modern non-woven
fabrics that are fast and economical to produce, while broken twill weave combines
strength with elegant designs. Together, they help in creating a wide variety of fabrics
suited for fashion, comfort, decoration, industry, and daily needs.
VIII. Dene stain. What are dierent types of stains? How can stain of coee
and ink be removed?
Ans: Stains: Meaning, Types, and Removal Methods
Imagine wearing your favourite white shirt to a party. You’re enjoying a cup of coffee when
suddenly a drop spills onto the fabric. The brown mark instantly stands out, spoiling the
look. Or picture a student whose pen leaks in his pocket, leaving behind a stubborn blue ink
blot. These everyday accidents remind us of one word we all dread: stains.
Stains are not just marks on fabric—they are chemical challenges that require smart
solutions. Let’s explore what stains are, the different types, and how common stains like
coffee and ink can be removed effectively.
What is a Stain?
A stain is any unwanted mark, spot, or discoloration on a fabric or surface caused by contact
with substances like food, drinks, oils, inks, or chemicals.
• Stains often penetrate the fibres of fabric, making them difficult to remove.
• They may be temporary (easy to wash out) or permanent (hard to remove without
special treatment).
• The nature of the stain depends on the substance causing it and the type of fabric
affected.
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In simple words: A stain is a foreign substance that clings to fabric and spoils its
appearance.
Types of Stains
Stains can be classified into different categories based on their source. Understanding the
type of stain is the first step in choosing the right removal method.
1. Protein Stains
• Caused by substances like blood, milk, eggs, sweat.
• They bond strongly with fabric fibres. Example: A blood stain on a shirt after a
small cut.
2. Tannin Stains
• Caused by plant-based substances like coffee, tea, wine, fruit juices.
• They leave coloured marks and can be stubborn. Example: Coffee spill on a
tablecloth.
3. Oil and Grease Stains
• Caused by butter, cooking oil, cosmetics, or motor oil.
• They are sticky and attract dirt, making fabrics look dull. Example: Grease marks
on kitchen aprons.
4. Dye and Ink Stains
• Caused by inks, paints, or coloured liquids.
• They penetrate deeply and spread quickly. Example: Ink blot from a leaking pen.
5. Combination Stains
• Caused by substances that contain multiple components (e.g., food curry with oil,
protein, and colour).
• These are the hardest to remove because they require multiple treatments.
Example: Curry stain on a cotton kurta.
6. Chemical Stains
• Caused by acids, alkalis, or other chemicals.
• They may damage fabric permanently. Example: Bleach marks on coloured
clothes.
How to Remove Coffee Stains
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Coffee stains are tannin stains. They are coloured and can set quickly if not treated
immediately.
Step-by-Step Removal:
1. Act Quickly:
o Blot the stain with a clean cloth to absorb excess liquid.
o Avoid rubbing, as it spreads the stain.
2. Cold Water Rinse:
o Run cold water through the stained area from the back of the fabric.
o This helps push the coffee out of the fibres.
3. Apply Mild Detergent:
o Use liquid laundry detergent or dish soap.
o Gently rub it into the stain and let it sit for 5–10 minutes.
4. Rinse Again:
o Wash with cold water.
o Repeat if the stain persists.
5. For Old Stains:
o Mix white vinegar or lemon juice with water and apply to the stain.
o Vinegar breaks down tannins, making the stain easier to remove.
Example: A student spills coffee on his notebook bag. By rinsing immediately and
applying detergent, the stain fades quickly, saving the bag from permanent marks.
How to Remove Ink Stains
Ink stains are dye stains and are often more stubborn than coffee stains. Different inks
(ballpoint, fountain pen, marker) may require different treatments.
Step-by-Step Removal:
1. Blot the Stain:
o Place a paper towel under the fabric.
o Blot gently with another towel to absorb excess ink.
o Do not rub, as ink spreads easily.
2. Use Alcohol-Based Solution:
o Apply rubbing alcohol, hand sanitizer, or even hairspray to the stain.
o Alcohol dissolves the ink pigments.
3. Blot and Rinse:
o Blot with a clean cloth until the ink starts lifting.
o Rinse with cold water.
4. Apply Detergent:
o Use liquid detergent to wash the area.
o Repeat the process if needed.
5. For Persistent Stains:
o Mix baking soda with water to form a paste.
o Apply gently to the stain and rinse after a few minutes.
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Example: A college student finds a blue ink blot on his shirt pocket. By applying rubbing
alcohol and blotting carefully, the stain lightens and eventually disappears after washing.
A Relatable Story
Think of Meera, a young teacher. One morning, she spills coffee on her saree while rushing
to class. Later, her pen leaks in her handbag, staining the fabric. At first, she panics, but then
remembers the stain removal tips:
• For coffee, she rinses the saree with cold water and applies detergent.
• For ink, she uses rubbing alcohol and blotting.
By evening, both stains are gone, and her saree looks fresh again. Meera’s experience shows
how knowing the right techniques can save clothes from permanent damage.
Key Principles of Stain Removal
1. Act Quickly: Fresh stains are easier to remove.
2. Know the Stain Type: Different stains need different treatments.
3. Avoid Rubbing: Rubbing spreads stains deeper.
4. Test Solutions: Always test stain removers on a hidden part of the fabric first.
5. Repeat if Needed: Some stains require multiple treatments.
Summary Table
Stain Type
Examples
Removal Method
Protein
Blood, milk
Cold water + enzyme detergent
Tannin
Coffee, tea
Cold water + detergent + vinegar
Oil/Grease
Butter, lipstick
Detergent + baking soda
Dye/Ink
Pen ink, paint
Alcohol-based solution + detergent
Combination
Curry, gravy
Multiple treatments (detergent + vinegar)
Chemical
Acid, bleach
Neutralizing agents (depends on chemical)
Final Thoughts
Stains are everyday challenges, but they don’t have to be permanent. By understanding
what a stain is, recognizing its type, and applying the right removal method, we can save our
clothes and belongings.
• Coffee stains (tannin) respond well to cold water, detergent, and vinegar.
• Ink stains (dye) can be tackled with alcohol-based solutions and careful blotting.
“This paper has been carefully prepared for educaonal purposes. If you noce any
mistakes or have suggesons, feel free to share your feedback.”
